Here, we establish 'Mobile-CRISPRi', a suite of CRISPRi systems that combines modularity, stable genomic integration and ease of transfer to diverse bacteria by conjugation.
The analyses also showed that genomic group III harbored a mixed chromosomal sequence of different genomic groups, suggesting a recent horizontal gene transfer between diverse rhizobia.
Finally, they delineate distinct forces shaping the functional capacity of symbiont genomes: gene loss through reductive evolution and gene acquisition via horizontal transfer from diverse community members.
Importantly, besides utilizing nanowires to mediate the electron transport [165], they can synthesize their own redox mediators (i.e. flavins) for extracellular electron transfer under diverse environmental conditions [163, 166].
Thus extensive lateral transfer between diverse prokaryotic species is the best explanation of this data.
These are important in the exchange of antibiotic resistance determinants, but can also transfer a diverse suite of genes unrelated to pathogenicity.
Moreover, that vertical transmission is no prerequisite for LGT is evidenced by the recent finding of transfer of diverse bacterial and eukaryotic genes into bdelloid rotifers [ 16].
Phylogenomic analysis suggests that B. massiliensis acquired multiple genes by horizontal transfer from diverse sources including other bacteria and eukaryotes, conceivably, as a consequence of the sympatric lifestyle within the amoebal cytoplasm.
Although the glycolytic pathway is universally conserved in eukaryotes, its enzyme components are evolutionarily labile and have been repeatedly replaced in separate eukaryotic lineages by gene transfer from diverse eubacterial donors.
Instances of interdomain horizontal transfer of diverse genes between two domains of life or between viruses and their hosts are also increasingly documented (Nelson et al., 1999; Husnik et al., 2013; Dunning Hotopp et al., 2007; Wu et al., 2013; Gladyshev et al., 2008; Bratke and McLysaght, 2008; Danchin et al., 2010).
