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The crucial role which enzyme immobilization plays during catalysis in low water media is to reduce mass transfer constraints [14].
where κ and λ denote the Lagrange multipliers associated with the power constraints and the individual minimum required power transfer constraints.
The heterogeneity of the system increases mass transfer constraints resulting in approx. 4× increase in activation energy as compared to homogeneous alkali catalyzed system.
This method locates heat transfer constraints (topological criterion) in low frequency neighborhoods of the mesh (geometric criterion) and solves for the resulting temperature distribution on the mesh.
It has been also mentioned that such additives actually work as an immobilization matrix and disperse the enzyme powders (and lead to less mass transfer constraints during the reaction) [18, 23].
In many cases of immobilized enzymes being used in organic media (immobilization on celite is a well-known example), it is believed that an immobilization matrix like celite simply acts as a dispersing agent reducing mass transfer constraints [31].
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The strengths of the energy constraint, the energy and power constraint and the energy transfer constraint are incremented to adapt to different situations.
However, this constraint can eliminate Case A. The energy transfer constraint: sufficient to ensure that the net output power of the island is positive for any time interval within the islanding period.
Modification of the island partition model is proposed based on the results of Steps 1 and 2. Power constraint or energy transfer constraint will be added to the constraint set of the island partition model if the test in Step 1 is not passed.
Remediation of nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) by conventional pump-and-treat methods (i.e., water flushing) is generally considered to be ineffective due to low water solubilities of NAPLs and to mass-transfer constraints.
By repeating the user transferring constraints on all users until Nash equilibrium is achieved, the value of objective function can be minimized.
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