One of the most critical factors contributing to professionalism in translation is the development of translation competence, which has been called differently by different scholars, as Transfer Competence (Nord, 1992), Translational Competence (Toury, 1995), Translation Performance (Wilss, 1989), and even Translation Skill (Lowe, 1987).
On 19 December 2003, on the same day that other EC countries and the EC itself, Denmark became Party to the 1995 UN Fish Stocks Agreement, and made a declaration recalling "that as a Member of the European Community, Denmark has transferred competence to the European Community in respect of certain matters governed by the Agreement, which are specified in the Annex to this letter".
This long overdue reform is only possible by further transferring competences from the member states to the union, as long as existing law is not to be flagrantly violated.
In pushing distinctly European policies, incumbents may even outdo the European Commission.Furthermore, "spelling out, policy by policy, the areas of [EU] competence" need not be done in such an unintelligible manner that no one can find out what the sum of the transferred competences amounts to and at what point their limits will be overstepped.
One of the most important challenges is to ensure the communication and information transfer for competence balancing and sharing.
Section I provides an introduction to the transfer of competence to the EC in areas where legally, it should be shared with the Member States.
Next is a discussion of the transfer of competence during the merger period of the three European Communities in 1965 and the end of the transitional period after the formation of the EEC (1967-1977), as well as other legal bases used by the EC for international trade agreements.
We could have pushed for the gradual transfer of competences from the EU to the FU, until the EU was left as a kind of amplified free trade area, an Efta-plus.
Lacking such transfer of competences, the mere fact that all Member States are parties to Marpol 73/78 is not sufficient, according to the Court, to bind the Community as such.
The transfer of competences in asylum policy from Member States to the European Union, despite guided by the goal to improve and harmonize diverse standards, has resulted in an uneven sharing of responsibilities for asylum seekers between Member States and a deterioration in guarantees of fundamental refugee rights.
Of course, we cannot exclude that respondents were not aware that they were transferring other competence assessments to the issue at hand, but at least this is not a strategy that our interviewees appeared to engage in consciously.
