Sentence examples for transfer and clonal from inspiring English sources

Both horizontal gene transfer and clonal spread were responsible for the dissemination of the rmtB gene.

Similarly, integrons with the single gene cassettes aacA4 and dfrA7 also exhibited both horizontal gene transfer and clonal expansion.

Horizontal gene transfer and clonal expansion contribute substantially to the dissemination of resistant strains Salmonella enterica bacteria have become increasingly resistant to antimicrobial agents, partly as a result of genes carried on integrons.

We found a 13% macrolide resistance in 3,866 Streptococcus pyogenes isolated from tonsillopharyngitis patients; 59% macrolide-resistant isolates were distributed in 5 clones, suggesting the importance of both resistance gene transfer and clonal dissemination in the spread of these organisms.

Gene transfer frequency can be determined experimentally on plates, but the methods currently in use do not discriminate between independent transfers and clonal multiplication of initial transformants.

The epidemiology of ESBL-producing E. coli is a complex and evolving phenomenon attributed to the horizontal transfer of genetic elements and clonal spread of major clones, predominantly ST131.

Recent studies (Lin et al. 2011) have addressed the use of phages to inhibit horizontal transfer and the dynamics of clonal variability in viral spread (De Paepe et al. 2010).

Recombinant baculoviruses were generated by cotransfection of transfer vectors and baculoviral genomic DNA and clonal isolation of gwCry1 protein-expressing baculoviruses according to standard methods [31], [32].

The horizontal gene transfer and the de novo acquisition of mobile genetic elements seem to have contributed to the local genetic diversity and clonal evolution.

Plating efficiency is typically low and clonal propagation difficult10,11,12.

It inherits its trait from Symbiotic algorithm and Clonal algorithm.