This may reflect decreased synthesis in the fetal kidney associated with limited 25(OH D substrate availability, and theoretically could be a factor affecting placental calcium transfer and fetal bone mineralization [ 42].
The native tendon-to-bone attachment, however, presents a rough mineralized interface that might serve an important role in stress transfer between tendon and bone.
AJ aided in passive transfer EAE experiments and bone marrow macrophage isolations, and in revising the manuscript.
Walker at al. [ 25] discovered fundamental changes in the load transfer between stem and bone when comparing contact pressures between femoral bone and standard length straight stems or stems with a lateral flare.
Of course, loading is not uniform along the length of the stem, but the experimental sections were taken from the level of the lesser trochanter and substantial load transfer between implant and bone is likely at that level (Mann et al. 1997).
The distal narrowing, the anatomical shape, and the porous-coated proximal third of the stem are designed to lead to a physiological load transfer and therefore optimal bone in-growth of the femoral stem.
Although at long-term follow-up conventional femoral stems perform exceedingly well in primary hip arthroplasty, limitations persist, including proximal-distal mismatch, non-ideal load transfer and loss of bone.
Several treatment modalities, such as bone grafting, vascularized local or free bone transfer, and distraction osteogenesis, have been recently used for large segmental bone defects of the tibia [ 1– 8].
In recent years, methods such as bone grafting, vascularized local or free bone transfer, and distraction osteogenesis have been frequently used.
