Meanwhile, certain other highly fatal diseases with transboundary and trade limitation potentials like the highly pathogenic avian influenza particularly the H5 and H7 subtypes will cause between 80-100% mortality, with egg production down to near zero and a follow-up policy of depopulation.
To date, regional animal health programs in southeast Asia have placed a significant focus on trade-impacting transboundary animal diseases (TADs) such as foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and classical swine fever (CSF).
The SPPV is an infectious transboundary disease that negatively impacts on animal trade and causes significant economic losses, so it must be notified to the OIE [ 3].
In addition, there are technological developments, more transboundary cultural exchanges, facilitated by the freer trade of more differentiated products as well as by tourism and immigration, changes in the political landscape and ecological consequences.
The transboundary animal diseases (TAD:s) are also a concern for international trade [ 1, 2] and outbreaks of such diseases may cause enormous losses for society as a whole [ 3].
Because FBS is used in the production of vaccines and other biological products, the global trade of infected FBS products is a potential source of transboundary spread of BVDV.
Despite international conventions to control the importation and transboundary movement of hazardous waste, African nations still struggle with huge problems of pesticide dumps and illicit trade in hazardous waste.
Given the right conditions, this transboundary animal disease has the potential to spread over large distances, deserving further consideration in a world where globalisation of trade and short transportation times are now common.
Singapore and Senegal are examples of how to avoid conflict through good water governance and transboundary cooperation.
Therese Sjömander-Magnusson, director of transboundary water management at the Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI), Stockholm, Sweden.
