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An externality occurs when a transaction causes costs or benefits to a third party, often, although not necessarily, from the use of a public good: for example, if manufacturing or transportation cause air pollution imposing costs on others when making use of public air.
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The Alexandria transaction caused a €273.5 million loss, Santorini resulted in a loss of €305.2 million, and the third transaction, called Nota Italia, lost €151.7 million, M.P.S. said.
The case in question is a suit brought by a convicted bank robber against the manufacturer of his pistol, which failed to fire during a showdown with the police — a "business transaction" — "causing him not only loss of income but also significant psychic and physical distress".
Their effort to hide these transactions causes them to put too many transactions starting with nines, not enough starting with ones, and get caught by Benford's Law.
Analysis by brokers at UBS found that some Brexit clauses were being triggered in commercial property transactions, causing some deals to fall through.
What makes this wolf different is the issue of externalities — problems that don't respond to market forces because the people who suffer the effects are not the same as the people whose transactions cause them.
A recent case in which American prosecutors sought to extradite three legitimate Colombian business people for unlicensed foreign currency transactions caused widespread resentment not least because they had committed no crime in Colombia.Hitherto, extradition has been a powerful weapon in Colombia's fight against violent drug gangs.
Top officials at American International Group Inc. knew of potential problems in valuing derivative contracts long before these risky transactions caused the insurer's shareholders severe pain, according to documents released by congressional investigators.
After selling a batch of slimming pills to his actress friend, Stacey, a transaction that causes her death, Carl is subsequently blackmailed by his tenant, Dermot.
Another mind-bender will be to sort standardised and customised derivatives.Of particular concern to capital-markets firms is a provision inserted late, after the SEC had filed fraud charges against Goldman over its marketing of a collateralised-debt obligation which bans banks that package together asset-backed securities from any related transaction that causes a "material conflict of interest".
Any problems in the transaction were caused by the subordinates, Mr. Morvillo said, and Mr. Greenberg did not know about them at the time.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com