Cross-employment, however, can also create network-style connections between organizations in different sectors, for example, the higher education sector and the economy (the business enterprise sector): in such a scenario, the cross-employment would act and behave trans-sectorally and would perform a trans-sectoral building of linkages and bridges.
Cross-employment, as a concept, identifies forms and varieties of multi-employment, where an individual person is being simultaneously employed by more than one organization (by at least two organizations): should those organizations also root in different sectors, then cross-employment displays characteristics of a trans-sectoral network-building (Campbell 2011).
Focusing on the last stage which involved the development of roadmaps for the implementation of selected S3 priorities, our study suggests that the participatory FTA approach encouraged joint ownership of the selected priorities, fostered trans-sectoral dialogue, and entrepreneurial learning.
This study looks at how adaptive preferences develop in participatory governance characterised by the trans-sectoral mobility of key actors in the context of a transport planning project in Seoul.
Based on participant observation in one such negotiation and at public hearings, in-depth interviews with key members, and archival analysis, this research argues that first, trans-sectoral mobilities and increased opportunities for participation enabled opponents of the light rail to see the problem of limited access to information and lack of knowledge transfer.
Several platforms (for example, IRDR, FutureEarth,53 The Belmont Forum,54 and Newton Fund55) have been developed to stimulate trans-sectoral, national, or international research, bringing together research providers and research users from multiple sectors or countries.
Mode 2 and mode 3 higher education institutions are the perfect organizational vis-à-vis of academic firms to engage in trans-sectoral networks and to perform good knowledge production.
Multiple forms, networks, and combinations of trans-sectoral cross-employment between universities (higher education institutions), university-related institutions, firms (commercial firms, academic firms), and other organizations (for example, of the civil society) are possible, feasible, and even recommendable (see Fig. 2).
The use of highly hazardous pesticides by smallholder farmers constitutes a classic trans-sectoral 'wicked problem'.
This plan recognizes the trans-sectoral character of nutrition, but coordination structures remain under the authority of MPS/LGCE.
The use of highly hazardous pesticides by smallholder farmers, especially in lower and middle income countries (LMICs) constitutes a classic trans-sectoral 'wicked problem'.
