Exact(2)
For industry production traits standard fixed effects used by Sheep Improvement limited (www.sil.co.nz) were utilised (Pickering et al., 2011).
Following standard life history protocols (see [ 56] for details), we assessed the following life history traits: standard length [mm], female lean weight [g], female fat content [%, a measure for female condition], fecundity [number of offspring], embryo dry weight [mg], embryo fat content [%, a measure for offspring condition], and embryo developmental stage.
Similar(58)
Standardized selection differentials and standard errors were generated by dividing selection differentials by trait standard deviations, and standardized selection gradients and standard errors were generated by multiplying selection gradients and standard errors by trait standard deviations (Janzen and Stern 1998; Matsumura et al. 2012).
The scores for incubation status ranged from 1 (complete incubation) to 3 (no incubation), which means that the standardized dominance effects explained 12.03 % of the trait standard deviation and 8.97 % of the phenotypic variance.
We have noticed that the total PVE of six significant and suggestive QTL for the trait standard length was almost 100%, which is theoretically impossible.
The relative contribution of fixed covariates to total phenotypic variance in the final model was estimated by comparing the trait standard deviation (SD) in models with and without fixed covariates.
Among the phenotypes measured for growth related trait, standard deviations (SD) of the mean varied highly, from 0.07 for the Fulton's condition factor at T3 up to 14.53 for hepatic glycogen.
Given that some of the trait standard deviations differed by sample site, reflecting the different photographic methods, traits were scaled so that the additive effects were on the scale of a standard normal distribution rather than the original scale of the trait.
By combining the genetic variance-covariance matrix, G, with the vector of estimated selection gradients, β, in the multivariate breeders equation [ 30, 34], they predicted that one generation of sexual selection would result in changes of only 1 6% of one trait standard deviation.
Before PLS, the trophic traits and standard length were measured to the nearest 0.1 mm.
Here we report on evidence for reproductive benefits from carnivory in a plant showing none of the ecological or life history traits of standard carnivorous species.
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