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Among species life-history traits, size and age at first reproduction are particularly relevant to design meaningful conservation plans.
These effects were observed with varying degrees of magnitude for all regions, reef types and observers, varied significantly according to three life-history traits (size, home range, and behaviour), but were not influenced by species richness or abundance.
Data from empirical networks of plant pollinator and plant frugivore interactions shows that local abundance has pervasive influence on these patterns, but other important species specific traits (size, phenology, color) also restrict the range of partners each species interacts with (Jordano 1987; Jordano et al. 2003; Vázquez et al. 2007), determining the type of motifs contributed.
Likelihood ratio tests showed that a GLMM explained significantly more variation in the response for three traits (size at first flower, number of fruit and number of branches), whereas a GLMM and GLM explained similar proportions of the total variation in the response variable for the other four traits (days from bolting to first flower, flowering duration, seed size and seed number; Table 2).
For example, Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from a single-source population in the Sacramento Valley in California, US, introduced to New Zealand, diverged quickly from their ancestral phenotypes in many traits: size at age and age at maturity (Kinnison et al. 2011), freshwater growth rates and migration timing (Quinn et al. 2001), egg size and number (Kinnison et al. 1998).
To further elucidate the relative importance of sperm-related traits that contribute to differential reproductive success among males, we quantified within- and among-strain variation in sperm traits (size, rate of production, number transferred, competitive ability) for seven male genetic backgrounds known previously to differ with respect to some sperm traits.
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We determined correlations between population means of putative defensive traits (size-adjusted load strength, frequency of pigmented shells) and both temperature and conductivity.
We used Moran's I to test for correlations among populations for two defensive traits (size-adjusted crushing resistance and frequency of pigmented shells), and whether these correlations change as a function of geographic and/or genetic distance.
Associations between symmetry and trait size are more consistent with indicator models than an arbitrary process [8], [13].
Similar arguments have been put forward to explain co-variation between trait size and symmetry in birds [13].
Previous studies have shown negative associations between symmetry and trait size in the secondary sexual traits of a variety of taxa, including birds and primates [3], [13].
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