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In contrast, the genetic basis of adaptation for complex traits composed of many interacting constituent parts is in its infancy, for technical as well as biological reasons.
Given the data collected in terms of QTL co-localization, expression and literature reports, we came up with a set of most promising CGs for bud set traits composed of six functional candidates, 13 gene models and 67 expressional candidates.
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Body shape is a complex phenotypic trait composed of a suite of underlying characters that often are genetically based but also may vary by direct environmental induction (Proulx and Magnan 2004; Albert et al. 2008; Klingenberg 2010; Rogers et al. 2012; Rogers and Jamniczky 2014).
However, increasing evidence from well-studied traits such as human height indicates that many traits are composed of many QTL each explaining a small part of the variance [ 12].
The house possessed few distinctive traits, mostly composed of religious iconography and a large flag of Puerto Rico in the living room.
Like fitness, resistance and tolerance are complex traits often composed of several underlying characters or mechanisms [22].
In this article, we adopt the Breitling et al. permutation scheme and propose a method to determine a range of quantile-based permutation thresholds (the NL-method) that allows us to assess the significance of hotspots on the basis of the number and the linkage strength of the traits composing those hotspots.
They may represent three genetic architectures of complex traits that are composed of (1) one major gene and a large number of small effect loci (FP), (2) few moderate effect loci and many small effect loci (MY), and (3) many loci with small effects (SCS), respectively.
Smaller allele frequency differences could be expected if a locus is more loosely linked to a gene under selection, if weaker divergent selection is acting on the trait [ 23] or if the genetic architecture of a trait is primarily composed of many loci with small effects [ 46].
Neuroticism is a broad personality factor composed of traits related to emotional distress (Claridge and Davis 2001) depression and anxiety (Clark et al. 1994; Hayward et al. 2000; Roelofs et al. 2008), rumination (Roelofs et al. 2008), post-traumatic stress disorder (Breslau and Schultz 2013), and potentially with everything related to emotional distress.
The latter favors small hotspots composed of traits with high LOD scores under the null.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com