We avoided non-independent pair-wise comparisons, which would correspond to pseudo-replication, by pooling data by species and by measure of plant performance (reproduction, growth, survival, germination) when testing for effects of population size, life-history traits, type of study and habitat heterogeneity and homogeneity on the strength of the effect.
QTL hotspots were identified based on only a single trait type where QTL of that trait formed aggregates.
The initial spectrum of newly- arisen mutations' fitness effects are unlikely to vary systematically across trait types or types of adaptive landscapes.
FFMQ subscales were entered as the dependent variable; temperamental traits (ZKPQ subscales) were entered in step 1, CTQ-SF subscales were included in step 2, and interaction terms (temperamental trait × type of abuse) in step 3.
Univariate association between personality traits and type of headache (CH or migraine) was assessed with the χ2 test.
Based on histopathological traits this type of tumor can be divided into four malignancy grades (grade I-IV, World Health Organization) where grade IV tumors, glioblastoma multiforme, are the most malignant with no curative measures available [1], [2], [3].
It is clear that in this GWAS era, with thousands of known genetic associations for hundreds of traits, a type of study that has forged ahead, with great success is pharmacogenomics.
The valence of the trait types was unambiguous.
The c7(and and c16(D7) pair each also carried a hotspot but they were of different trait types.
The study by Rong et al. [ 3] pooled a variety of QTL trait types but lacked sufficient QTL from any one trait to declare hotspots.
Numbers of rG estimates were also unevenly distributed among trait classes (Fig. S3B) – most rG estimates were within trait types (66%), with combinations of morphological traits with other morphological traits being the most numerous (39%, Fig. 7).
