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Originally, the measure of sibling pair trait similarity was parameterized as the trait difference squared [55]; in recent years, this method was extended to model the dependent trait as the mean-corrected sibpair trait sum [54], and a weighted combination of these two [57], the latter method being referred to as "W4" within SIBPAL.
Thus, conditioning on the trait difference leads to smaller P-values and more frequent rejection of neutrality when s = 0.
One of the two transformations, named Z2 (half the trait difference between pairs of backcross progenies), addresses the augmented dominance effects (described in Melchinger et al.[ 17]).
In the present study, the Z2 (half the trait difference between pairs of backcross progenies) heterotic QTL from Schön et al.[ 4] were localized on the maize genome and were implemented in the co-localization analysis.
Although we successfully harnessed expression profiles to identify an evolutionarily relevant trait difference between yeast populations, our results leave open the question of the molecular basis of the expression patterns themselves.
In our study, although the population showed a response of both vegetative and reproductive traits to thermal chart variations (growth rooms experiment), no repeated QTL could be evidenced for trait difference between the two temperature conditions (Additional file 7).
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There is even evidence for personality trait differences among people in different specialties, and these differences in personality could influence practice styles [ 10, 11].
Grasses and forbs differed in almost all above- and belowground traits, while trait differences related to growth stature were generally small.
trait differences are inherited between generations, 3.
These trait differences must in-turn cause species variation in demographic performance across habitats.
Competition and coevolution provides a plausible explanation for trait differences between coexisting species, but unfortunately it is not the only explanation.
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