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An increase in the average value of a particular trait counts as a trend in the most basic sense, but averages and other summary statistics are not real entities, and biological systems are most often characterized by extensive variation.
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ORs were calculated by Mantel-Haenszel estimate based on contingency tables of allele-by-trait counts.
Would we then revise our opinions about which traits count as intellectual virtues and which as vices?
Wilson [ 3, 6] had previously coined the terms 'strong altruism' for those traits involving an absolute cost to the actor (i.e. other-only traits count always as strongly altruistic), and 'weak altruism' when the cost to the actor is only relative.
One important property of our study is the focus on an intermediate quantitative trait, lymphocyte counts, which is associated with asthma in the Hutterites (25).
However, today, functional traits are more and more taken into consideration, especially mastitis traits (cell counts and cases of clinical mastitis), fertility and longevity traits because of unfavourable consequences of selection during the last decades [ 4].
That is, if we randomly chose 2 Mbp windows for each gene expression trait and counted the number of pseudo cis-eQTL detected, we would expect it to be close to the number of true cis eQTL.
Their co-expression pattern with other phenylpropanoid-related genes is shown in Figure 4. We superimposed at a given SNP marker pQTL maps of individual phenotypic traits and counts of significant eQTLs from the studied gene set.
Although we did not find clear associations in the GWAS data, the physiologic trait 'lymphocyte count' does exhibit evidence of heritability (H = 0.41 in our GWAS population), implying that genetic variation explains nearly half of the phenotypic variation.
Genes associated with multiple traits were counted within each relevant category.
Data are presented as means + −SD for continuous traits or count (percentage) for categorical data.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com