In total, nine studies were found to meet all four inclusion criteria, comprising two feedback and seven training studies.
For spatial thinking, a meta-analysis of spatial training studies found stable and consistent positive training effects for both trained and untrained spatial tasks (Uttal et al., 2013; Uttal, Miller, & Newcombe, 2013).
Table 1 (below) reports a representative selection of adult training studies in Canada.
Training studies using computer games with mental rotation-related content have demonstrated training effects on mental rotation performance.
Training studies demonstrate the potential of spatial interventions to improve both spatial thinking and targeted STEM outcomes in elementary and older students.
Finally, the ensembles of networks used in other recent soft target training studies have been fairly homogeneous in terms of architecture and training data [16, 24].
Controlled and power-oriented resistance training studies are clearly needed to analyze the effect of intermittent or sustained altitude exposure on power training.
We acknowledge the need of further longitudinal L2 training studies to reach clear conclusions on the effects of language learning in domain-general executive control.
Longitudinal and experimental training studies are examined in detail, as these are considered most appropriate for exploring a causal hypothesis of this nature.
These findings are consistent with previous short-term training studies of arm, hand and leg (pedaling) movements [185,187-189], suggesthat that ongoing neuromuscular adaptations occur as a result of continued training.
However, the importance of optimising vision in elite sportspeople is far from settled because there have been positive outcomes from recent vision training studies, as well as claims that the benefits transfer to better performance on the field [20].
