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A training audio dataset of about 136 000 LSF vectors (approximately 3 minutes of audio) was used to estimate the parameters of a 16-class GMM.
In particular, we fine-tune a deep architecture originally trained for the Imagenet classification task, using a relatively small amount of data (almost 80 mins of training audio samples) along with data augmentation.
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The feature extraction strategy is schematically depicted in Figure 2. As already mentioned, no segmentation/classification of the training audio-visual data is required in the proposed approach.
Gutierrez et al. [5, 17] used a training audio-visual database to generate a lookup table of audio-visual dynamic pairs.
Regardless of the method employed to model the audio-visual data and to compute facial movements from speech, the different approaches usually divide the training audio-visual data into classes.
The visual parameters of the training audio-visual data are classified into several visual clusters by k-means method, and for each cluster two individual HMMs are trained independently using the associated audio and visual parameters, and also a Fused HMM is trained.
The trained audio-visual model associated with the selected class is then used to estimate the corresponding visual parameters.
For the particular case of speech-driven facial animation, the animation is controlled by a set of visual features estimated from speech [5], by means of a trained audio-visual model [6].
The cinema was followed by a school for training in audio, visual and digital skills.
Miller et al. (2004) assessed MI skills after training with audio taped samples that lack non-verbal information [ 35].
To further increase the stability of a specific breathing phase, patient training using audio or visual feedback [ 18, 19] could be one aspect to improve multiple breath holds in several fractions.
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