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Trained readers masked to participant information evaluated each of the photographs.
Based on the results of this study, we recommend that the best reader be selected from among several trained readers before starting 'blinded' reading.
While Cumulus requires trained readers, is time-consuming and would have limited reliability in clinical practice, AutoDensity automatically completes readings in an average of 2.9 seconds, with perfect between-reader reliability (by definition, since it is fully automated).
The test was given to 973 students at 13 colleges and graded by trained readers.
This was not so for the graphical model, where only the trained readers showed significant increases.
All cases had been double reported according to the BI-RADS lexicon by two trained readers.
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Immunohistochemistry evaluations were performed independently by one pathologist (JW) and one trained reader (DCC) who were blinded to the clinical data.
To the non-statistically trained reader, many of the criticisms reported here may seem niggling and unimportant relative to the clinical details of a study.
It is clear that sufficient, adequately trained CTC readers are needed; on average, inexperienced readers need training with at least 175 individual cases before they reach an acceptable sensitivity and specificity for lesions of 6 mm and larger [ 74].
Scoring was conducted by two, centrally trained, independent readers who were blinded to treatment information and radiograph sequence, and scores were averaged between the two readers for analysis.
Furthermore, Charney (1984: 75) states that "in spite of training, readers' judgments are strongly influenced by salient, though superficial, characteristics of writing samples…one of these superficial characteristics is physical appearance".
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com