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We hypothesized that if representations of this spatial dependency rule were encoded on an abstract level, chimpanzees should be able to perform more flexible computations and thus generalize arbitrary associative regularities across trained item pairs (e.g., when trained on AXB and CXD, they should accept AXD but reject DXA stimuli).
Arguably, the individual could have based her choices on the presence or the absence of the first or the last element only, which would have allowed for significant results in the "crossing" test (Test 10) without noticing the recombination of trained item pairs.
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After learning, new items are categorised based on a Pearson measurement comparing the firing behaviour of the second subnet on trained items, and the test item.
In the first study, we found that trained items were retained more successfully when they were presented in a variety of different sequences during learning.
Results: All participants' spelling performance on trained items improved in both tDCS+ spelling therapy and spelling therapy alone.
The authors examined item-specificity of the trained items across each block.
Decoupling of occipital cortices is associated with visual stimulation compared with rest (Nir et al., 2006), but it is not clear why this effect should preferentially affect trained items.
In an fMRI study using an overt naming task, improvements in naming (for trained items only) following therapy (30 h over two weeks) was associated with increased functional activation of the perilesional regions of the left hemisphere that had been identified as dysfunctional (excessive slow wave activity) pre-therapy (Meinzer et al. 2008).
In the following fMRI session, new untrained items, items trained by strategy and items trained by drill, were assessed using an event-related design.
An example of a training item is as follows: During arts education, you ask your fellow student for one of his/her crayons, but he/she refuses.
To illustrate, an example of a training item is: During maths, you are asked by the teacher to write the homework on the board.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com