The association between music training and vocabulary is consistent with past research suggesting that instrumental music training enhances verbal memory [20], [21], [25], [26], phonological awareness [23], [24], and reading skills [22].
After a short amount of training, the vocabulary of the children was found to show significant gains.
Furthermore, after intensive training of vocabulary over months, the resulting competence in the learnt language was positively correlated with the increased grey matter volumes9,10 and density47.
The vast majority of programs for autistic youth in the U.S. use an approach called Applied Behavior Analysis, in which teachers and therapists use well-established techniques of reward and punishment to shape a student's actions toward goals like toilet training, learning vocabulary or completing a puzzle.
For constructing bag-of-visual-words, MatchMiner trains a vocabulary tree on 50,000 images of a single city, which are not used in experiments for selecting image pairs, to yield one million visual words.
In keeping with previous studies (Brooks et al., 1993; Taraban, 2004), the sentence training was preceded by a dedicated vocabulary training session (Session 1).
This training data corresponds to training with 20K vocabulary recognition tasks [32, 35].
As detailed in the Methods section, the production and comprehension tests were also carried out with six novel-old object nouns, which referred to creatures the participants had worked with during the vocabulary training but in no other part of the training phase, and with six novel-new object nouns, which participants had never encountered before.
Items 25 to 30 (novel-old object nouns) were only used during the vocabulary training and vocabulary review, but not during the syntax training.
In training sets for Holiday and Oxford5K, we use Flickr60k [19] and Paris datasets [16] as vocabulary training sets, respectively.
