To this end, our architecture enables the MN to request buffering capacity in its home network to temporarily store incoming media traffic during the handover, which would otherwise be dropped.
For instance, the Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6 -based NEMO (PMIPv6 -basedast P-NEMO can achieve low traffic cost and handover latency for vehicular networks [24, 25].
In addition, for the TCP traffic, inter-RAT handover procedure faces some specific problems, such as BDP (Bandwidth Delay Product) mismatch, premature timeout, false fast retransmit, and spurious RTO (Retransmission TimeOut) [2].
It is then used for securing handover and traffic in WLAN networks.
The wireless channel quality depends on multiple factors, including fading, shadowing, interference, channel contention, handover, and traffic.
In the classical MM approach, there is no information exchange among tiers in case of UE handover and traffic offloading might be achieved by picocell range expansion.
On the access front, means of load balancing of user traffic are network-initiated handover (either within the same RAT or between different RATs and antenna tilt adaptation).
The process is also supported with the priority enforcement module (PEM) that reduces the traffic load when the handover is in progress, as this feature assigns the priority to each device based on the nature of the traffic.
In the algorithm, at each time step, the base-station would measure the incoming traffic and evaluate the handover and blocking probability (other criteria can be added) for each possible architecture (micro or macro).
Therefore, an effective and traffic-oriented inter-RAT handover scheme is desired for future heterogeneous networks.
