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Too often, however, their engagement is inhibited by traditional, customary and legal structures that do not value their perspectives.
During interviews, this was expressed by impacts on traditional customary items, such as yams, bananas, kava, mats, and pigs.
The concept of a double ethics, private and public, that created a further damage to traditional, customary ethics was invented.
For details, see Paul Baxter, "The Social Organization of the Galla of North Kenya," (Doctoral Dissertation, Lincoln College, Oxford University, 1954); Abdullahi Shongollo, "Gumi Gaayo: Boran-Review their Traditional Customary Laws," (Moyale, Kenya, 1990); Mohammed Hassen, The Oromo of Ethiopia: A History, 1570 1860 (Trenton: the Red Sea Press, 1990).
Supported by AXA Research Fund and United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), my recent research focuses on the main two existing systems of law in the Pacific - the state or national legislation, and the Kastom law (the traditional, customary law).
Although the Fijian government formally operates at national and district levels, a traditional customary structure simultaneously operates in all levels of society.
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The document calls for eliminating things like "harmful traditional and customary practices" which appears to be an allusion to things like genital mutilation, a procedure in which reused knives increase the risk of contracting AIDS through infected blood.
The bill, drafted by Assemblyman Richard L. Brodsky in collaboration with the New York State Board of Regents and the Museum Association of New York, would prohibit museums from using proceeds from the sale of artworks "for traditional and customary operating expenses".
This implies a change to many of the long-term traditional and customary practices of livestock grazing and management in the area.
Internal territorialisation or the formalisation of forest rights has led to increased state ownership in many countries, often ignoring traditional or customary tenure and land use.
The mere fact that a practice is traditional or customary, as the li (rituals, ceremonies) are, does not show that it is right in the objective, universal sense expressed by moral concepts such as ren (benevolence) and yi (righteousness, morality).
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