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I use a structural model to separate the disclosure effect and the trading effect of index fund ownership on bid-ask spreads, and find that the disclosure effect is significant.
Demonstrating a trading effect of this nature may be hard, but it may come into play at two fund families with significant redemption volumes: Janus and Putnam.
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Much of the trade effect of monetary unions comes from a collapse in exports and imports when they dissolve.
An Evidence-based Analysis of the Trade Effects of the Euro", Centre for Economic Policy Research.
The other reason is very significant miscalculation of the trade effects of the violation, as shown by detailed legal-economic analysis of all relevant arbitration decisions.
I'VE recently been studying the trade effects of the 1997 Asian Crisis, which eventually echoed from Bangkok to Buenos Aires, touching down in Rio and Russia on the way.
"China accounts for less than 5% of UK exports, even including Hong Kong, so the direct trade effects of a slowdown there will be limited outside a few sectors such as luxury cars and consumer goods".
To defend their currencies from the carry-trade effects of QE2, developing countries will have to draw on their own currencies to accumulate reserves yet further now, to purchase dollars in order to try to keep their currencies competitive.
Seen through Mr Bergsten's rose-tinted glasses, the trade effects of a multitude of PTAs can be gauged simply by adding up, as it were, the series of partial liberalisations.
Girma and Yu (2002) compare trade effects of migration to the UK from Commonwealth and non-Commonwealth countries.
This immunity, which I refer to as the "stall-and-withdraw" loophole, leaves injured governments with no immediate remedy for WTO violations under the DSU system, regardless of how great the trade effects of the violation are.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com