By the 1860s and '70s, however, such protectionism was swept away by a wave of free-trade liberalism.
In Britain the success of the Industrial Revolution led to the growth of free-trade liberalism and a desire to dismantle the colonial empire.
New York pioneered New Deal liberalism.
But the Ayotzinapa tragedy -- so emblematic of the toxic mixture of political repression and impunity that has accompanied drug war militarization and free trade neo-liberalism -- has not been part of the debate.
Goolsbee and Obama's understanding of the free market as a useful means of promoting social justice, rather than an obstacle to it, contrasts most starkly with the rest of the Democratic field on issues of competition, free trade and financial liberalism.
Amid these real crises of neo-liberalism, enhanced trade has been portrayed as a deux ex machina, which will solve our problems if only we get rid of what's left of the mixed economy.
The policies of 19th-century political liberalism included free trade, sound money (the gold standard), balanced budgets, and minimum levels of poor relief.
These men and those around them were influenced by 19th-century liberalism; interested in trade, they favoured free enterprise and expanding markets, and some were anticlerical.
Laws is co-author of the Orange Book, calling for a return to the "traditional building blocks of liberalism", including free trade and a belief in the effectiveness of the private sector.
Mr Clinton made his career in a conservative southern state; Mr Kerry forged his in a north-eastern state, defined by Harvard Yard liberalism and powerful trade unions (he conveniently forgot to tell the DLC that he retreated from his education reforms at the first sniff of union opposition).
And that provides a useful frame work through which to revisit some of America's economy history.America has in the past been criticised for extolling the virtues of economic liberalism and free trade despite having industrialised behind relatively stiff tariff barriers.
