Others are "dynamic", trying to capture how trade gains boost investment and productivity growth.
Australia already has free trade agreements with nine of the 12 TPP countries, and a World Bank study shows there will be minuscule trade gains after 15 years".
The deal would generate big trade gains, and offers Mr Abe an external justification for his economic reforms.So what's the hold-up?
For the first time, America extracted a pledge that its partner would not lower labour and environmental standards in order to reap trade gains.
With a major deepwater port on the Columbia River, Portland has benefited from the growth of global trade, gaining jobs for stevedores, truckers and warehouse workers.
It's classic mercantilism: China through trade gains geopolitical influence.
Australia is one country in this group which will enjoy rising welfare throughout due to huge terms of trade gains.
In fact, the two have merged as we gain access to the tools of the trade while the trade gains access to our hearts and minds.
In the beginning, this change involved mostly trade among rich nations, but the real "revolution started when supply chain trade gained importance among high-tech and low-wage nations between 1985 and 1995" (Baldwin and Lopez-Gonzalez 2015).
In a stylized model of international trade, firms in the North indirectly export second-hand products to a representative firm in the South to be reused as intermediate goods, with potential trade gains.
A better question is, "Who gets the gains from trade?" Gains from anything, trade included, can be divided in 3 ways.
