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Early anatomical studies suggest that the manipulation of the vocal tracts' shape and size is uniquely human.
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These frequencies are the resonant frequencies of that particular vocal tract shape.
Characterizing the vocal tract shape, these formant frequencies specify vowels, nasals, laterals, and the transitional movements in voiced consonants.
In this way a vowel has its own characteristic auditory quality, which is the result of the specific variations in air pressure caused by the superimposing of the vocal tract shape on the fundamental frequency produced by the vocal cords.
Figure 2 Vocal tract shape.
There was no attempt to recover the underlying vocal-tract shape.
Identification of the three-dimensional vocal tract shape from the formant frequency spectra or transmission characteristic is discussed.
In the case of the vowels, these differences can be attributed to variations of the vocal tract shape.
Nine vocal tract shapes, each corresponding to a vowel, were estimated by optimizing the vocal tract shape parameters of each vowel to minimize the sum of square error of MFCCs between original and synthesized speech.
This vocal tract shape is then made audible by the placement and computation of appropriate sound sources.
The modeling process therefore needs to learn, for each vowel, a vocal tract shape associated with 18 articulatory parameters, as shown in Table 1, and a strength parameter.
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