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These techniques use traction, and/or leverage of the humerus, often requiring considerable force and causing significant patient discomfort: traction increases muscle spasm and may make reduction difficult, more painful, and less likely to succeed [12, 13].
In both relations, the shear traction increases to a maximum value, subsequently in one relation the shear traction decays to zero with increasing sliding, while in the other relation the shear traction remains at its maximum value.
These laws are built qualitatively as follows: traction increases up to a maximum and then goes down to zero via increasing separation (Barenblatt 1959; Camacho and Ortiz 1996; de Borst 2001; Gong et al. 2012; Moes et al. 1999; Needleman 1987; Park et al. 2009; Rice and Wang 1989; Tvergaard and Hutchinson 1992; Xu and Needleman 1994).
Our findings are also important in light of recent concerns about whether controlled cord traction increases risks for uterine inversion or placental separation from the umbilical cord [ 15].
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The traction increasing part of the law is described by an exponential function, whereas the softening part is described by a linear decrease.
Overall length decreased by 39%, COM moved rearward 38%, rolling and turning resistance decreased by 21% and 17% respectively, rear-wheel traction increased by 12% and moment of inertia decreased by 42%.
The traction increase part of the cohesive laws is given by an exponential function, which describes the elastoplastic adhesive response, and the traction decrease part is given by a linear function, which describes damage initiation and propagation.
We describe a meshless method based on nearest-neighbour interpolation that significantly reduces the number of degrees of freedom required to discretise the unknown traction, increasing the range of problems that can be practically solved, without excessively complicating the task of the modeller.
Figure 4 shows the distribution of traction increase over time amongst our volunteers.
Compression decreased all the foraminal dimensions significantly, and traction increased the foraminal height, but did not significantly change the foraminal width.
Analytical solutions are found for the coupled waves propagating in the fibres and the matrix away from the fracture plane of the bridged crack as the bridging tractions increase with time.
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