Additional performance requirements which must be addressed in the formulation of practical automotive traction fluids include: low temperature viscometric, volatility, flash point, oxidation stability, elastomer compatibility shear stability, clutch friction performacne, and antiwear protection.
Rumbarger, et al. [31], used the established fluid traction torque model to calculate the friction power loss of the bearing roller, cage, and inner and outer ring raceway respectively.
As a result of the influence of fluid traction, the long axis direction of sheet-like mica and detrital grains are directionally aligned, which is especially obvious in the Tb section (Fig. 3h).
We adopt the no-slip condition and continuity of traction across the fluid-solid boundary, the latter of which is derived from the relation between the stress components in the fluid: T xx ∗ = - P ∗ + 2 ζ ∗ ∂ V x ∗ ∂ x ∗ - 1 3 ∇ ∗ · V ∗, T zx ∗ = ζ ∗ ∂ V z ∗ ∂ x ∗ + ∂ V x ∗ ∂ z ∗, (4).
In evaluating the traction across the fluid-solid boundary, we need to consider the existence of the initial stress field.
The electronic inverters are cooled by evaporated fluid, the traction motors are air cooled by external fans.
Common variables of both grading protocols, such as presence of cystoid spaces, subretinal fluid, vitreomacular traction and retinal pigment epithelial detachment, were compared using κ statistics.
A global inspection of the joint, without fluid irrigation and traction (Fig. 3), was performed at the end of the procedure in order to evaluate the stability of the membrane during humeral head movement.
Open image in new window Fig. 1 Glenoid surface after delineating the boundaries of the cartilage lesions Open image in new window Fig. 2 Glenoid surface after performing microfracture Open image in new window Fig. 3 Engineered hyaluronic acid membrane lying on the glenoid surface without fluid irrigation and traction.
