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Uehling, D.T., Johnson, D.B. & Hopkins, W.J. The urinary tract response to entry of pathogens.
Most vaccination trials investigating the efficacy of vaccines for layer and breeder hens have been conducted based on the respiratory tract response.
These observations suggest that the mucosal wave and vocal tract response may not perform a critical role in the onset mechanism of falsetto voice production [1].
The resonance frequencies of the vocal tract, or the formants, correspond approximately to the peaks of the spectrum of the vocal tract response [ 17].
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Since the vocal tract responses are normalized in modeling, a gain factor is introduced to scale the source spectra.
Then, vocal tract responses are modeled by vector quantization or nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) and used with estimated pitches to estimate the source signals.
The F1F3syn measure is based on the idea that the amplitude envelopes of the signal filtered around the first and the third formant frequencies (F1 and F3) are synchronized in modal segments (where the vocal tract responses are synchronized with impulse-like excitation) and unsynchronized in breathy segments (where a turbulent noisy excitation is prominent around the third formant).
At that time, it was hypothesized that a factor(s) released from the gastrointestinal tract in response to oral glucose could be responsible for increased insulin secretion [ 12].
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an important insulinotropic peptide secreted from the gastrointestinal tract in response to nutrient absorption.
Cholecystokinin and serotonin are released from the gastrointestinal tract in response to the products of digestion and play critical roles in mediating pancreatic secretion via vago-vagal reflex pathways.
Formant estimation is based on modeling vocal tract frequency response using linear predictive coding (LPC) techniques.
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