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The parallel components of the vocal tract filter are composed of six band-pass filters, each corresponding to one formant.
Finally, according to the voice production Equation 3, the voice source is convolved by the vocal tract filter impulse response.
However, a robust separation of the vocal tract filter and the glottal source is far from straightforward [31],[31]-[31].
According to the source-filter theory of the speech production [1], voiced speech is represented as the response of the vocal tract filter to the glottal voice source.
For the work presented in this article, this same property ensures that the impact of the vocal tract filter on the phase features representing the source is minimal.
Nevertheless, using PD, it has been shown that this assumption allows to extract glottal source information which is almost independent of the vocal tract filter [40].
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But what's different about humans is that their vocal tract filters the sound produced by the vocal cords, helping to enable speech.
Other structures that might be involved in vocal tract filtering include the trachea itself and glottal opening.
Another study [25] confirmed in eastern towhees (Pipilo erythrophthalmus) the hypothesis that beak gape articulation causes significant modulation of the vocal tract filtering function.
These findings confirm that birds can modulate their song by using vocal tract filtering and demonstrate how OEC and beak gape contribute to this modulation.
While it has been thought originally that vocal tract filtering does not apply to birdsong it is obvious nowadays that the source-filter theory of speech production can also be implemented on bird vocal communication.
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