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Gastrointestinal tract microbiota interactions influence host health, and in particular immune function, by promoting the development and maintenance of the mucosal immune system, protecting against pathogen invasion and maintaining gastrointestinal tract barrier integrity.
Gut hypoxia or ischemia is one factor that possibly contributes to dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract barrier, which may in turn contribute to the development of systemic inflammatory response and multiple organ dysfunction syndromes [ 12- 15].
It seems that the translocation to the extraintestinal sites is affected by the administration of pre- and probiotic and this could be due to the effects on gastrointestinal tract, barrier functions and intestinal inflammation.
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According to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines (www.ich.org) for pharmaceuticals, routine genotoxicity testing of protein is not considered necessary to confirm safety even when the protein drugs is administered parenterally, bypassing the digestive tract barriers discussed in previously in the section on current protein safety assessment considerations.
This 'p'arallel 'a'rtificial 'm'embrane 'p'ermeability 'a'ssay PAMPA technique measures the permeability across specifically formulated lipid cocktail(s) found to be highly correlated with Caco-2 cultures, the gastrointestinal tract, blood brain barrier and skin.
Whilst bulk rheological and tribological properties may be important for lubrication of the GI tract, the barrier function involves much smaller length-scales.
Also, endotoxemia can result from translocation of Gram-negative organisms and/or endotoxin from the terminal ileum and cecum in the setting of gastrointestinal tract mucosal barrier dysfunction that has been observed during hypoperfusion of the gastrointestinal tract [ 8].
The development of safe topical microbicides that can preserve the integrity of cervicovaginal tract epithelial barrier is of great interest as this may minimize the potential for increased susceptibility to STI infections.
Many tissues express P-gp, including the bronchopulmonary epithelium, hepatobiliary epithelium, renal tubular epithelium, gastrointestinal tract, blood brain barrier and choroid plexus, which are all strategically located to protect against the passage of xenobiotics.
In addition when leaves are fed or particulate material is ingested, it is usually the intermediate to lipid soluble compounds that become bioavailable due to the influence of bile salts or the gastrointestinal tract mucosal barrier preventing the absorption of water soluble compounds [ 40].
Despite enormous gastrointestinal tract (GIT) barriers, peroral route of administration can be very well appreciated from obvious advantages, such as ease of administration and large patient acceptability.
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