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Finally, we highlight that we only measure a relative track effect, as opposed to an absolute effect of each track.
Given that student types are unobserved, the relative track effect on outcomes in dual VET thus a priori unknown.
The mismatch created by the tracking system for certain types of students is key to explain the relative track effect on outcomes in dual VET.
Finally, the results on grades are also consistent with our expectation: their inclusion does not modify the sign of the relative track effect.
However, a closer look at the results is worthwhile to differentiate the relative track effect on the participation in dual VET on the one hand, and on the accumulation of vocational human capital on the other.
Moreover, given that we are interested in outcomes in dual VET, the relative track effect is a priori ambiguous because it depends on the relative proportions of student types from each track engaging in dual VET.
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The Norwegian health system records vaccinations of individuals and maintains linked registries to track effects and side effects.
Once we control for three different performance indicators, including PISA scores, track effects for both outcomes remain highly significant and of the same sign.
Track effects stay in a very comparable range across both specifications, confirming that it is not the inclusion of the locus of control which renders the track dummy in the Poisson part insignificant.
In addition, given that track allocation is mainly dependent on grades, the inclusion of grades in an empirical model should not affect the direction of the track effects, even though their magnitudes may change.
The team also iden-tified in the sperm epi-genome unique DNA methylation regions for each chemical class, suggesting it may eventually be possible to retroactively track effects of specific chemicals.
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