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When it comes to the validity and reliability of cephalometric analysis, several errors should be considered: landmark identification, tracing and measuring, and magnification of certain anatomical structures.
Freezing the arterial pressure tracing, and measuring systolic and diastolic pressures beat by beat to identify the maximum and minimum pulse pressure values over a single respiratory cycle is a real but time-consuming alternative to the automatic calculation of PPV.
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To evaluate the presence of any error with digitization and measurement, 30 randomly selected radiographs were again traced and measured by the same investigator 1 week after the initial measurements.
Lateral cephalographs were traced and measured twice at a 2-week interval by two researchers.
To determine the measurement errors, 10 subjects were selected randomly, and cephalometric radiographs of each stage (a total 20 radiographs) were traced and measured 10 days later.
Chloride determinations may serve to indicate the intrusion of waters of different composition or to trace and measure rates and volumes of water mass movements.
For each individual, on the lateral cephalometric radiographs, points and lines for the description of the morphologic characteristics of the third and fourth cervical vertebral bodies were traced and measured.
On the lateral cephalometric radiographs, the following points and lines for the description of the morphologic characteristics of the cervical vertebral bodies (Figure 1) were traced and measured using WIXWIN 2000 software (Gendex Dental System, Des Plaines, IL, USA).
Geometric parameters of individual tracks are traced and measured in course of their step-by-step chemical etching by using a modern high-precision, completely automated facility PAVICOM designed at the Lebedev Physical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences.
For the first time, both historical renewable and nonrenewable resources uses of each social product input of a system are individually and completely traced and measured by the embodied cosmic exergy as available energy.
Therefore, rapid and sensitive systems to trace and measure cell fusion events in various experimental systems are in demand.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com