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Both models are essentially standard oscillator models expanded with an additional interaction [6] or storage mechanism [23] to allow a trace of previous perception to bias the next percept choice at stimulus reappearance.
Nevertheless, with the present approach, by using a variety of integration time constants and noting that activation patterns contain the trace of previous spikes, one can also observe more complex relations between spiking of different neurons, e.g. coincident or delayed spikes, bursts or fast rate fluctuations.
The learning rule incorporates a decaying trace of previous cell activity and is henceforth referred to simply as the 'trace' learning rule.
Early work by Näätänen and colleagues suggested that the MMN results from a comparison between the present auditory input and the memory trace of previous sounds (Näätänen, 1992).
For example, fast postsynaptic changes combined with slow presynaptic changes would allow for the corresponding presynaptic trace of previous experience, which indeed could be the case in the cerebellum (Wang and Linden, 2000; Lev-Ram et al., 2003).
In other words, the MMN results from a comparison between the auditory input and a memory trace of previous sounds, reflecting an on-line updating of the model for predicting auditory inputs (Winkler et al., 1996; Näätänen and Winkler, 1999).
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