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The toxicological influence of ZnO-NPs should be evaluated to determine the consequences of using these NPs in food safety.
Likewise, the intrinsic physicochemical and surface properties of nanomaterials need to be carefully designed to accomplish specific biomedical applications as represented in Fig. 3 without any toxicological influence.
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Much the same as PM size, PM sources may influence toxicological characteristics.
The following factors during the toxicological tests can influence nutrient depletion: (1) nutrient-ENMs ratio.
Due to the pharmacological importance of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and potential safety issues induced by NPs of toxicological concern, the influences of nanomaterials on these enzymes have gained an increasing interest from the general public and the scientific community.
Other investigators have employed factor analytical and other source apportionment methodologies to try to identify the sources of PM influencing toxicological outcomes (e.g., Chen et al. 2010); however, to date, these methods have been more widely employed in epidemiological studies (e.g., Sarnat et al. 2008).
For instance, the occurrence of hormones, particularly estrogens, has recently gained attention due to their toxicological significance and their influence on biological activities in aquatic organisms [2, 4].
Specific physical and chemical properties (aggregation state, surface charge, and bioavailable metals) that influence particular toxicological end points (oxidative stress and inflammatory response) have been reported in the literature.
Such discrepancies are expected because the HSAB algorithms incorporate electronic components but not three-dimensional features of chemical structure that can influence the toxicological outcome.
The resulting changes in the surface chemistry and reactivity will not only significantly affect the physico-chemical characteristics of NM but also may influence its toxicological properties.
These include the shape of the dose response relationship under human-relevant exposures, whether biological thresholds exist and for what end points, the extent of population variability in toxicological response, and the influence of factors such as life stage on response.
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