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To determine the toxicity of samples and their effects on cell growth and proliferation, the process of extraction was performed according to ISO standard 10993-5 (ISO 10993 2009).
GC2 (lac::luxCDABE), a constitutively bioluminescent strain, was used to monitor the general toxicity of samples through a decrease in its bioluminescence, while specific toxicity was detected through the use of strains such as DPD2540 (fabA::luxCDABE), TV1061 (grpE::luxCDABE), DPD2794 (recA::luxCDABE), and DPD2511 (katG::luxCDABE).
Biosensor technology, a prominent technique for preliminary screening of the toxicity of samples, can be defined as having a sensing element for the selective detection of a target and method to transduce the interaction as a measureable signal.
In this project we examined the composition, sources, and relative toxicity of samples of PM with aerodynamic diameter ≥2.5 μm (PM2.5) collected from sites within the Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization (SEARCH) air monitoring network during two seasons.
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This method proved to be simple to operate, allowed improved controllability and non-toxicity of samples, and had a broad measurement range up to 4000 mg/l BOD.
Before the initiation of TDQ test for aquatic samples, cellular toxicity of all samples extract should be assessed with MTS cellular viability assay in advance and a proper volume range of each extract added into the cell culture medium for TDQ test may be decided.
With the recent engineering of more sensitive AChE enzymes, the development of more reliable immobilization matrices and the progress in the area of microelectronics, AChE biosensors could become competitive for multi-analyte screening and soon be used for the development of portable instrumentation for rapid toxicity testing of samples.
In this case, the LD50 indicates the acute toxicity of the samples and its value represents the sample dilution (v/v) that produced 50% inhibition of germination or growth.
The combination of chemical and biological tools (micro-EROD analysis in the first place) was used to estimate the toxicity of sediment samples from three rivers located at Kragujevac hotspot (Serbia) [21], soil and sediment samples from the area of Zadar, Croatia [22], and soil from oil refineries and petrochemical plant in Vojvodina (Serbia) after the NATO campaign spills [23, 24].
Legacy pesticides did not significantly change the predicted toxicity of water samples to algae or fish.
Finally, there are biosensors which monitor the behaviour of living organisms in the water to assess the toxicity of water samples.
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