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Further, Rotarod toxicity method was used to study the toxicity profile of selected compounds.
Further, rotarod toxicity method was used to study the acute neurotoxicity profile of selected compounds.
The bactericidal activity assay of the handwash against E. coli was carried out by culture medium toxicity method [11, 13] as follows: the handwash samples (with and without AgNPs) were put into 99-mL LB medium for the final concentration of 3-mg/L AgNPs, whereas the control sample just contains 99-mL LB.
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That is in fact a great advantage since mechanism-specific toxicity methods with zebrafish are broadly developed, as for AhR-mediated toxicity [72], genotoxicity [73] and neurotoxicity [74].
The use of data from non-animal toxicity methods in risk assessment has mainly been limited to hazard identification and for elucidating mechanisms of toxicity.
However, suitable toxicity methods for assessing NOECs on several taxonomic groups of terrestrial animals (from invertebrates to higher vertebrates) are available in the literature, including officially accepted test procedures e.g., in [91 93].
More details on experimental design, analytical and sediment toxicity methods, and monitoring results for the two studies can be found in Domagalski et al. [29] and Ensminger et al. [30].
Diazinon and propoxur levels were significantly higher in the personal air of women reporting use of an exterminator, can sprays, and/or pest bombs during pregnancy compared with women reporting no pesticide use or use of lower toxicity methods only.
Sixty women (61%) reported using some form of pest control during the 7.0 ± 2.3 weeks: 32% reported using lower-toxicity methods only, and 29% reported using one or more of the higher-toxicity methods (can sprays, sprays by exterminator, and pest bombs) with or without the lower-toxicity methods.
The lower-toxicity methods were applied by the women themselves in 32% of cases, by others in the household in 52%, and by an exterminator in 16%.
Piperonyl butoxide air levels were significantly higher among women reporting using the higher-toxicity methods compared with women who reported using no pest control (p = 0.02, ANOVA) as well as with women who reported using the lower-toxicity methods only (traps, baits, and gels; p = 0.009, ANOVA).
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