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At the nano scale, recent studies have highlighted that specific surface area should be used as the most relevant descriptor of toxicity instead of the conventional mass concentration.
Any regulatory decision based on predicted mixture toxicity instead of measured product toxicity needs to take into account eventual additional uncertainty related to this prediction.
The protocol was designed to delay treatment until resolution of treatment related toxicity instead of modifying the dose of treatment.
These results suggest that WIN-34B could be a potential candidate for effective anti-osteoarthritic therapy with cartilage protective properties and without toxicity instead of existing OA treatment.
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within a specified endpoint as input data for the mixture toxicity predictions instead of the (scientifically more correct) toxicity measures derived with the same test organisms in similar tests.
Chen et al. [1] proposed a novel normalized equivalent toxicity score (NETS) system to fully utilize multiple toxicities per patient instead of a binary indicator of dose limiting toxicity (DLT).
It can be used as an endogenous A β toxicity cell model instead of incubating cells with exogenous A β.
Therefore, the present phase II study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of capecitabine instead of 5-FU, a commonly used agent, in combination with cisplatin for concurrent chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced SCCHN.
This estimate would be reduced to about 994,000 animals if combined protocols were used for repeated dose/reproductive/developmental toxicity end points instead of separate tests.
In our previous work, we studied the catalysis of aliphatic ester polymerization by low toxicity iron compounds, instead of the stannum compounds used commonly in research or/and industry [ 15].
Therefore, refocusing onto how to protect the more-stable normal cells from the toxicity of chemotherapy, instead of on how to kill the always-changing cancer cells per se, may be a better strategy to cure cancer, as having been proposed by Blagosklonny and Pardee previously 80, although the purpose still would be to hit cancer cells more harshly.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com