Because impaired neural crest (NC) function is one of the known causes for teratologic effects, testing of toxicant effects on NC cells is desirable for a DT test battery.
A critical body residue approach for predicting persistent bioaccumulative toxicant effects on reproduction and population dynamics of meiobenthic copepods.
This will allow direct testing of cause effect relationships between toxicant effects on biochemical, cellular, or molecular end points and effects on apical measures such as behavior.
Recognition of the role of "critical windows of exposure" in characterizing causal relationships between toxicant effects on serum THs and downstream adverse effects is critical.
Another limitation of in vitro cell-based models is the lack of integrated systemic functions, which increases the probability of missing toxicant effects on extra-neural factors that influence neurodevelopment, such as metabolism, immune mediators, and endocrine function.
The variable results for DSP are more difficult to interpret because sperm production can be affected by many factors, including nutrition, infection, and general health of the animal, as well as time from last ejaculation and toxicant effects on the hypothalamic pituitary testicular axis.
Hg and Pb, however, are two well-known toxicants that have toxic effects on the body, with the brain being the most susceptible target organ.
From then on, many important and valuable deterministic models with toxicant effect were investigated by some scholars [14 17].
Toxicant effect adjusted for the other models variables.
In this context, some work has been done to unveil the toxicant's effect on several bacterial metabolic pathways [ 5].
