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Owing to considerable differences in patterns of usage of the various categories of STPs, it is possible that toxicant content alone is insufficient to characterize fully the risk profiles of STPs.
When considering the diversity of STPs, the UK Royal College of Physicians concluded that different categories of STPs pose varying levels of risk to their users in line with their toxicant content [2].
Relative to the smoke from a single cigarette, the toxicant content of the smoke from a waterpipe use episode may contain up to 1.2 times the amount of nicotine, 8 times the CO, 3 times the nitric oxides, 4 15 times the acrolein, 6 31 times the formaldehyde, and 3 245 times the various PAHs.
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However, there is evidence [3, 4] of substantial differences in the risk profiles of different STPs in approximate relation to their toxicant contents.
Were parallel reference toxicant toxicity test conducted?
Microalgae exhibit a high photosynthetic efficiency and a strong capacity to adapt to the environment (e.g., high salinity, heavy metal ion content, presence of toxicants, and high CO2 concentration).
Clara cells are important in the metabolism of airborne toxicants due to their high cytochrome P450 (content content and are particularly sensitive to injury by xenobiotics, in part as a result of their ability to transform xenobiotics to reactive intermediates (Massaro et al. 1994).
Iodoacetamide (IAM) was used as a model toxicant and assays for intracellular potassium (normalized to DNA content) were used to establish viability and toxicant susceptibility.
A washing and pressing step was applied prior the enzymatic hydrolysis to eliminate the soluble molecules hydrolyzed and generated during the pretreatment e.g. pentose sugars as xylose mainly and toxicants as furfural, HMF and acetic acid; a final dry matter content of 32,5% was achieved [ 22].
In addition, this potent toxicant caused significant decrease in SOD, CAT and GST activities, depleted the GSH content and enhanced lipid peroxidation in both liver and kidney.
Similarly, Susan et al. (2010) noticed an increase in protein content in the muscles of C. mrigala being exposed to fenvalerate (synthetic pyrethroids) and suggested that the toxicant stress might have stimulated protein synthesis for enzymic detoxification at the expense of glycogen to meet additional requirement in the synthetic activity of body tissues.
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