Unfortunately, urethane is highly toxic, can induce premature death during experiments, and cannot be used for recovery surgeries.
Manganese is an essential plant nutrient but can be toxic or induce other deficiencies when present in high concentrations [47].
In general, PEI itself is known to be toxic and induce cell death.
Drought also has a mechanical stress component due to soil hardening [ 9], and salt stress has an ionic component which may be toxic and induce specific genes.
Extracellular histones are toxic and induce IL-8 production in vivo and in vitro through a TLR4/MAPK (ERK1/2 and p38 -dependent p38 -dependent
Reduced β-oxidation activity may also lead to the accumulation of FFAs that are highly toxic and induce cell death (Jungwirth et al., 2008; Rockenfeller et al., 2010).
Though less toxic than N-SYN, the SYN in itself is toxic, and induces nigrastriatal degeneration when overloaded.
Somewhat surprisingly the effect of liposomal entrapment was the opposite, in that an otherwise toxic, splenomegaly inducing dose of 50 µg CD40mAb was rendered non toxic (at least in terms of spleen enlargement) by liposomal entrapment (Fig 4).
Toxic metal-induced iron depletion may be a common feature of many toxic metals [ 31].
