Additionally, using gene expression profiling, we observed that the covalent tri-agonist displayed a shift from a characteristic TH1 biased response (cellular response) toward a balanced response with upregulation of genes linked to a TH2 type response (humoral/antibody response), B cell activation, and innate and adaptive immune cell recruitment.
Lipopolysaccharide, the main component of endotoxin, may shift the cytokine response toward a Th1 response and away from a Th2 response, thereby reducing the chance of developing atopy (Lapa e Silva et al. 2000).
Another possibility is that although WT1Pep427 typically produces Th1-type responses (i.e., IFN- γ producing CD4 cells), conjugation to SWNTs redirects the immune response toward a Th2 response.
Inclusion of EGFP modified the immune response toward a Th1 response, as indicated by the ratio of antigen 85A-specific IgG2a to IgG1 generated by each plasmid (antigen 85A alone 0.73 +/- 0.18 versus antigen 85A-EGFP 1.82 +/- 0.57, mean +/- S.D.; P < 0.01), though the magnitude of the antibody isotype shift was modest.
Additionally, Astragalus has been described as being able to redirect an underlying Th2 immune response toward a Th1 response as seen in patients with chronic viral infection or cancer [8], [37].
Following naive infection, the immune response appears skewed toward a Th1 response.
In one set of studies, administration of PLG particles with diameters less than 500 nm was found to skew a Th2-type response normally induced by hepatitis B virus antigen toward a Th1 response, thereby exerting adjuvant-like effects.
Interestingly, a response toward 6 frameshift-derived peptides (of 14 tested) could be observed.
The IgG response revealed not only a response toward the modified protein but also cross-reactivity to the unmodified form of RSA.
