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A large range of tough matrix materials is also available.
Biofilms are communities of bacteria ensconced in a slimy, but extremely tough, matrix of extracellular material composed of sugars, proteins, genetic material and more.
That's a tough matrix to pin down: how much it costs to get there versus the costs once on the ground.
Its hardness is provided by a hard intermetallic Laves phase, dispersed in a tough matrix of cobalt rich eutectic or solid solution.
In these films, the a-C H pha-C Hould act as a tough matrix while reinforcing nanocrystallites of cophaseare imbedded in the amorphous matrix.
The poor tribological properties of titanium and titanium alloys can be improved by using diffusion treatments, which take advantage of the high reactivity of titanium with respect of carbon, nitrogen or oxygen to produce high hardness surface layers well bonded to the tough matrix.
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It is concluded that the ballistic/stab properties of fiber-reinforced soft and rigid composites can be enhanced by using high strength fibers and tough matrices as well as specialized nanomaterials.
Instead, they say, DNA tethers the tough matrices.
This paper reviews the most promising material concepts (tougher matrix systems, 2D and 3D woven materials, stitching and Z-pinning, selective interlayers, protective surface layers and hybrid laminates) for improving the damage tolerance of aerospace stringer-stiffened structures.
Natural materials such as bone, tooth and nacre achieve attractive properties through the "staggered structure", which consists of stiff, parallel inclusions of large aspect ratio bonded together by a more ductile and tougher matrix.
As only minor improvements are achieved in delamination toughness by using tougher matrices, there have been more recent efforts devoted to through-thickness reinforcement by stitching and z-pinning.
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