Exact(7)
In addition, ground potential rise, maximum permissible step and touch potentials have also been estimated using the simulation software.
The simulation software has also been used to estimate the ground potential rise, maximum permissible step and touch potentials.
From these comparisons, it is observed that the rms error, step and touch potentials are slightly greater in case of dry soil.
To simulate ground resistance, step and touch potentials, the body weight, surface layer thickness, surface layer resistivity and shock duration were considered to be 70 kg, 0.2 m, 2500 Ω m, and 0.5 s, respectively.
A region colored between green and light blue in the bar represents that the values of the touch potentials within that region are less than 25%% of the maximum permissible touch potential of 667.42 V.
On the other side of the bar, a region colored between purple and red represents that the values of the touch potentials within that region are higher than 75%% of the maximum permissible touch potential.
Similar(53)
The region beyond 100%% of the maximum permissible touch potential represents unsafe condition.
km is also needed to ensure safe limits for the step and touch potential at the site.
The maximum permissible touch potential for the grid without rods for dry soil is 671.85 V, which is slightly higher than the grid with rods for wet soil.
The touch potential of grid without rods for dry soil is found to be way larger than the grid with rods for the wet soil and, this was an expected result.
Substations are vulnerable to tephra fall primarily due to flashover on insulators and energised components, ash contamination causing reduced resistivity of gravel ballast in substation yards (and thus increasing step-touch potential), and blockage of transformer cooling systems (Wardman et al. 2012a).
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