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On the northern German test site, the total mean soil loss was 0.43 t ha−1 year−1.
Preliminary simulations over a 29-year period for the Barnham site (UK) (1970 1998) and a 13-year period for the Grönheim site (Germany) (1981 1993) generally resulted in a higher erosion risk for the English test site, where the total mean soil loss was estimated at 1.56 t ha−1 yeand1 and mean maximum soil loss at about 15.5 t ha−1 year−1.
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The total mean maximum soil loss at this site of about 10.0 t ha−1 year−1 corresponds to a loss of about 0.65 mm.
Both the soil Cl− and Na+ content increased from 2014 to 2016, accounting for a greater fraction of the total salt, and the mean soil pH also increased by approximately 0.4.
At mid-altitude, the soils under natural forest land cover system had the highest mean soil total nitrogen content (0.29%) while those under farmland had the lowest (0.18%).
At low altitude, the soils under natural forest land cover systems also had the highest mean soil total nitrogen content (0.28%), while those under savanna land use had the lowest values (0.19%).
At this altitude, mean soil total nitrogen at the surface (0 15 cm) layer showed no significant difference (P > 0.01) between the soils under all the land use/land cover systems.
At this altitude, mean soil total nitrogen at the surface (0 15 cm) layer showed significant differences (P < 0.01) only between the soils under natural forest vegetation and those under natural savanna land cover systems.
The study showed that at high altitude, both the soils under savanna and grazing land use systems had the highest mean soil total nitrogen content (0.36%) followed by those under natural forest cover (0.30%), while those under farmland system had the lowest.
A total of 10 methods (temporal stability (TS) analyses based on 2 indices, K-means clustering based on 6 kinds of inputs and 2 random sampling strategies) were evaluated for determining optimal sampling sites for mean soil moisture estimation.
total mean change in SDS total score.
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