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However, the total eruption mass is sensitive to the top height, and its accurate estimation is indispensable.
The total eruption volumes of the explosive and effusive eruptions are 0.015 km3 and 0.015 km3, respectively, totaling about 0.030 km3 (DRE, Kozono et al., 2013).
0.5 400 1.096 Duration refers to individual events, rather than the total eruption duration, and relates to the event ash mass and calculated mass flux.
In this operation, the JMA Regional Atmospheric Transport Model (JMA-RATM) uses initial conditions including total eruption mass which is estimated using the relationship between the total mass and the top height of the plume and eruption duration.
Median: 0.00 Standard deviation: 2 Scenario variants to investigate the effect of event clustering Total eruption duration: 1 year 3 5 0.014 Increased Poisson rate parameter simulates shorter inter-event times. 2 20 5.48 x 10−2 1 75 0.205 All other parameters as for the base Santorini 'Weak' and 'Strong' scenarios.
The normal practice at MetService, who operate the Wellington VAAC, when using HYSPLIT for Aviation Hazard purposes, is to assume that 5% of any total eruption volume is comprised of fine ash, with this VAAC size distribution, and to ignore the 95% of coarser ash as it is falling out quickly.
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The 2015 eruption of Hakone volcano was a very small phreatic eruption, with total erupted ash estimated to be in the order of only 102 m3 and ballistic blocks reaching less than 30 m from the vent.
The eruption had a total erupted material of 4.8 ± 1.2 · 1011 kg with a dense rock equivalent volume of 0.18 ± 0.05 km3 (Gudmundsson et al., 2012).
The total time and the total mass fraction of erupted ash has been calculated for the baseline Santorini Strong and Weak scenarios (Table 4), given the calculated mass fluxes and an estimate of total erupted volume from historical eruptions at Santorini.
Almost half of this was erupted by M ≥ 8 events (Figure 9), which account for just 1% of eruptions (Table 4), whilst recorded M4-4.9 eruptions (44% of eruptions) contribute <1% of the total erupted volume.
Ash flow sheets constitute as much as 40 percent of the area's total erupted material, suggesting that pyroclastic eruptions were rather important during this time.
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