Consequently, air pollution is a causal intermediate and part of the total effect of temperature on asthma, not a confounder.
However, because many time-varying risk factors for asthma are intermediates on the causal pathway (e.g., aeroallergens, air pollution, activity patterns), associations estimated in this study represent the total effect of temperature on asthma risk.
Effect sizes reported here concur with these findings, indicating that a fraction of the total effect of ambient PM on cardiovascular mortality may be mediated through sustained long-term effects of air pollution on atherosclerosis (Künzli et al. 2001).
The total effect of this is remarkable.
This analysis suggests that studies on the acute effects of air pollution have underestimated the total effects of temperature and particulate air pollution on mortality.
The effect of pollution should be addressed.
Examine the procedures of environmental toxicology and the effect of pollution on Earth's atmosphere.
Finally, in order to examine differences in this association among different age groups, we analyzed the effects of pollution on total mortality in people above and below the age of 70.
Often, surrogates or proxy summary measures of the total environmental exposure burden have been used to explore the deleterious effects of pollution mixture.
The effects of pollution are clear throughout the Los Angeles area.
