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To improve microbial water quality and to prevent waterborne disease outbreaks, knowledge on the fate and transport of contaminants and on the contributions from different faecal sources to the total contamination is essential.
The conventional chicken had the least amount of total contamination.
All but two of the samples had total contamination levels below the "maximum residue level" (MRL) allowed for human consumption under EU laws.
However, both in topsoil and in lichens, As, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, V and Zn form together with S and Br clusters of closely related elements indicating that Phaeophyscia orbicularis is a good urban indicator of polluting elements using which total contamination indices of topsoil ZT and of lichens ZL can be calculated.
Here, (sigma ^{2}_{o}) and (sigma ^{2}_{c}) are noise power and total contamination power (average over time), respectively, which are both assumed known.
Although a number of authors have attempted to calculate the contribution of these individual pathways to total contamination, the available data records are not presently adequate to allow sound conclusions to be drawn.
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However, current bacteriological monitoring procedures which focus on the quantification of faecal indicator organisms (FIOs) as a proxy for microbial pollution may not be representative of total bacterial contamination levels present in shellfish harvesting areas.
Significantly higher frequencies of total coliform contamination were encountered in the winter (66%) than in the summer (36%).
To reduce the total gamma contamination and to have a sufficiently high epithermal neutron flux we have used different photon filters of different thickness.
Together, these countries make up 27% of the total number contamination incidents.
Three water samples (6%) were found unsuitable due to total coliform contamination.
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