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In season one, in which herbivores damaged <10% of total canopy area, LOX2/3-deficient plants produced more flowers earlier than WT and TPS10 plants.
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However, the special hydrological features of the snow water equivalent, soil moisture, and total canopy water storage in the freeze-thawing agricultural area requires the innovative methods for the water resource analysis.
Although total canopy cover was high in nest stands and PAC areas, the cover in tall (>48 m) trees was the canopy structure most highly selected for, while cover in lower strata (2 16 m) was avoided compared to availability in the surrounding landscape.
Basal canopy area.
These canopy areas were then imported into a GIS system (ArcGIS v. 9.3, ESRI, Redlands, CA) to calculate canopy area (CA) [48].
Total canopy damage reflected the trends in canopy damage caused by individual herbivores.
Canopy damage from herbivores was more than twice as great in season two (9 24% total canopy) as in season one (2 9% total canopy).
By comparing the green canopy to the whole canopy area, we were able to assess the percentage of canopy damaged for each plant, which included yellow and brown desiccated portions of plant canopy characteristic of D. carinulata damage.
These canopy areas were then imported into a GIS system (ArcGIS v. 9.3, ESRI, Redlands, CA) to calculate canopy area (CA) [ 48].
The whole canopy area was determined by setting the hue threshold from 21 102, while the green canopy area was measured with a hue threshold from 47 102.
Canopy area was defined as being from the internal edge limit into the forest.
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