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In the EDIC study, participants reported consumption of both decaffeinated and caffeinated coffee, and we observed a stronger association with SIF when using total caffeine intake versus caffeinated coffee consumption.
To achieve equivalent levels of total caffeine intake, individuals must consume much more tea or caffeinated soda than coffee.
Since not all sodas contain caffeine, we did not include colas when calculating total caffeine intake in the main analyses, but performed sensitivity analyses including the contribution of regular colas and sodas to caffeine, assuming that one drink contained 46 mg of caffeine.
We also assessed total caffeine intake (7).
Over the counter drugs made a negligible contribution to the total caffeine intake.
In the present study, we used total caffeine intake from all beverages as the "exposure".
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The EFSA study noted: "Chocolate beverages were important contributors to total caffeine intakes in children and toddlers in most countries, and the use of a conservative caffeine value for this food category may have led to an overestimation of caffeine intakes in these age groups".
and energy drinks contributed on average 43% and 13% to total caffeine intakes [ 35].
Other studies have found that when controlling for total coffee intake, caffeine intake was no longer associated with diabetes risk (5, 19).
n = 86 for age at first birth; n = 124 for free estradiol, insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), and IGF binding protein (IGFBP -3; n = 121 for caffeIGFBP -3ke; and n = 121 for total energy intake.
Additionally adjusting M2 for mean total caloric intake did not materially alter the association of mean EDIC caffeine intake with either SIF1LED 375 nm[0.2] 0.2] (P=4.1×10−17) or SIF14LED 456 nm[0.8] 0.8] (P=3.9×10.8]).
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