Numerical results show that the attenuation contribution from the homogeneous propagation (of any of the three faster waves) is only a little in the total attenuation of any of these attenuated waves.
Total attenuation of the phantom is low as there is no attenuating material surrounding the phantom.
Measurements are made for E approximately equal to 0, −1, and −2, corresponding to no change in vorticity, total attenuation of the vortex, and flame-generated vorticity, respectively.
Although researchers considered vegetation as a soft obstacle in terms of total attenuation, actual measurements show that trees or shrubs could induce important attenuations.
Model results revealed that the total attenuation effect in reducing the air temperatures inside the streets may reach as much as 5 K at noontime with a daily average cooling of 3 K.
Eventually, the quantitative influence of the above parameters was effectively illustrated in functional diagrams, so that the total attenuation effect may be promptly estimated, if the design variables are known.
Calculated drag coefficients of S. foliosa and S. pacifica were similar, indicating equal amounts of vegetation would lead to similar energy dissipation; however, S. pacifica has much greater biomass close to the bed (<20 cm) and retains biomass throughout the year, and therefore, it causes more total attenuation.
A is the total attenuation.
Then,, total attenuation factor, is the following: (11).
where is the total attenuation coefficient of the medium.
Here is the intensity of transmitted radiation and the total attenuation coefficient.
